Various Kinds and Image Tools Excretion In Humans

PediaEducation-In the human body there are organs that have different functions from each other. Do you know the organs that are included in the excretory system? Therefore, the discussion this time will discuss the kidneys, skin, lungs, liver, images eksktesi tool in humans and miscellaneous tools excretion in humans.

Tools Excretion in Humans

Digestive processes in our bodies produce nutrients. The essence of food is burned in the cells produce energy. Do you know when to change food into energy, cells produce waste? Waste generated in the form of metabolic waste substances.

These substances are no longer utilized by the body. Therefore, these substances must be removed in order not to poison the body. Process of removing waste products called pengeluaranatau excretion process.

1. KidneyKidneys in humans consists of 2 pieces. Renal length between 10 to 15 cm, weighing approximately 200 grams, is located inside the abdominal cavity back slightly upwards and near the spine.

Disorders and diseases associated with the skin often we encounter in everyday life.There is a disease that is not harmful and dangerous.Skin disorder that usually happens is as follows.a. Urticariab. ringwormc. psoriasisd. Skin cancer3. Disorders of the liver

Liver disease can be caused by a viral infection, no operation of the liver and bile. Do you know all kinds of disorders and diseases related to the heart?Disorders and diseases related to liver diseases such as hepatitis and yellow.a. Hepatitisb. Jaundice4. Disorders of the lungs

Have you seen the sick lungs? 

What is the condition of these people?

 What causes people to get sick lungs?

The main causes that make the lungs do not function optimally is viral and bacterial infections as well as air pollution. Air pollution caused by smoke from factories, vehicles, combustion, and cigarette smoke.Diseases of the lungs such as asthma, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and lung cancer.a. Asthmab. Tuberculosis (TB)c. Pneumonia

The disease is caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi that infect the lungs, especially in the alveoli. This disease causes the oxygen is difficult to enter because of the alveoli filled with fluid.

Remember you are the characteristics of living things?

One of the characteristics of living things is the need of food. Food substances in the living body is converted to energy through the digestion process.

Left kidney notch higher from the kidney to the right. Just above the right kidney there are many liver occupies space.

2. Skin

You must be familiar with your body skin. What do you know about the skin? The skin is a layer of tissue found in the body surface. On the skin surface are the sweat glands that excrete waste materials.

Residual substances are excreted through the pores of the skin in the form of sweat. Sweat is composed of water and mineral salts, especially common salt (NaCl), which is the result of protein metabolism.

3. Be

The liver is the largest gland in humans, dark red color, and weighs about 2 kg in adults. Hearts can be said as a means of secretions and excretions.

Why liver secretion can be regarded as a tool? The liver produces bile. Therefore, the heart as a means of secretion.

The liver is said to be a tool for biliary excretion issued containing waste materials derived from red blood cells are damaged and destroyed in the spleen.

4. Lungs

The lungs are the organs that act as a respirator. In addition lungs also act as a means of excretion by removing carbon dioxide and water vapor.

Both of these substances must be removed so as not to interfere with the function of the body. The lungs are located in the chest cavity and the bottom is attached to the diaphragm.

After you learn about the system ekskresimanusia kidneys, lungs, liver and skin, then the discussion will discuss about the disorder on the excretion system, diseases of the excretory system kidney system disorders lungs, disorders of the excretory system of the skin and abnormalities of the renal system.

Disturbances in Excretion system

1. Disorders of the kidney

Kidney function can be disrupted due to bacterial infection, inflammation, kidney stones, and so forth. If one kidney is not functioning or impaired, then the other kidney will take over the duties of the first kidney.

However kidneys can be damaged both and this will have fatal consequences for urea will be buried in the body and cause death.

Here is abnormalities and diseases of the kidneys.

a. Kidney stones

b. Inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis)

c. Kidney failure

Electric Current

PediaEduaction-In the discussion of the electric field you have a lot to know that electric charge can move from place to place, can you turn the lights on electricity by harnessing the charged object or lightning? therefore, let us discuss the notion of electric current, the sense switch, switch type, electrical Alus formulas and examples about electric current.

Electric current

In Chapter Electrostatic Discharge ye have learned that an electric charge can move from one place to another.

For example, if you touch objects negatively charged, then the electrons will move from it to your body.

The amount of electric charge electric current is caused by the movement of electrons electrons flow through a point in electric circuits every time.
Flash you see is actually also the transfer of electrons.

However, can you turn the lights on electricity by harnessing the charged object or lightning?

Likely can not be, because the lamp requires the electron flow continuously.

In this chapter you will learn ways to make the electrons can flow continuously as well as ways to control the flow of electrons.

If the light is connected with the poles of the battery through the wire, then formed a circuit that does not have the base and tip.

This circuit is called a closed circuit or circuits. In this state the light is on. It showed in a closed circuit in the flow of electric charge.

The flow of electric charge is called electric current. The direction of electric current in the wire from the battery positive pole to the negative pole of the battery. Direction of the electric current in a closed circuit shown in

(A) The electric current occurs in a closed circuit,

(B) The flow of electric charge does not occur in open circuit

A large electric current is expressed by a strong electric current, symbolized by I. Strong electrical current is the amount of electric charge through a conductor cross-section of each second.

physics formula

with

q = electric charge .............................. coulomb (C)

t = time ........................................... seconds (s)

I = current strength ...................................... ampere (A)

So, 1 A = 1 C / s. Note that 1 mA = 0.001 A and 1 microampere (uA) = 0.000001 A.

Strong electric current was measured using ammeters. As for the current strength of small, galvanometer is used as a tool to measure it. Note stringing strong ammeters to measure the electrical currents in the Figure below

Picture: (a) How to measure the electrical current strength, (b) the circuit diagram.

Example

Strong currents on an electrical circuit of 200 mA. How large is the electric charge flowing in the circuit every minute?

Note: strong currents, I = 200 mA = 200 × 0,001 A = 0.2 A

time, t = 1 min = 60 s

Asked: electric charge that flows, q?

answer

q = I × t

A q = 0.2 × 60 s

= 12 As = 12 C

Thus, the electric charge that flows is 12 C.

switches

When the day before the evening, you turn on the electric lights. How do I turn on the electric light? You press a button and the lights on a wall switch. Remember, the lamp lights indicate the presence of an electric current.

Electrical currents occur in a closed circuit. Thus, the switch is used to make electrical circuit into a closed or open. Note the function switch in the Figure below 

There are two types of switches, the switches manually and automatically. Switches manually close or open the electric circuit with the help of hand.

Switch to turn on the lights, switch blades on the picture above, an example of a manual switch. While the automatic switch works with the help of electronic equipment.

Examples of automatic switch is a switch to turn on traffic lights and a switch to turn on the street lights.

so his physics formula

P = E / t

Where :

P = Power

E = Energy in units of Joules

t = time in units of seconds

In the calculation formula, Electrical Power is usually denoted by the letter "P" which stands for Power. While the International Units (SI) Electricity is abbreviated by W. Watt Watt is equal to one joule per second (Watt = Joule / sec

Watt derived unit frequently encountered of which are as follows:

1 miliWatt = 0.001 Watt

1 kilowatt = 1,000 Watt

1 megawatts = 1,000,000 Watt

Formula Power

The general formula used to calculate the Power in an Electric Circuits are as follows:

P = V x I

Or

P = I2R

P = V2 / R

Where :

P = Power in units of Watts (W)

V = Voltage with the unit of Volt (V)

I = Power Lines with the unit Ampere (A)

R = Barriers to the unit Ohm (Ω)

Monohibrid And Dihybrid

PediaEducation-The discussion this time will discuss about the understanding monohybrid cross, homozygous, heterozygous, gametes, a recessive gene, dihybrid definition, examples and sample questions monohybrid cross crosses monohibrid.

Cross In a cross need to know first the terms used. Terms in the crosses can you understand the following description. Parietal (P), meaning the parent or parents. Filial (F), means descent. ☯ first offspring (F1) = Child ☯ second offspring (F2) = grandchildren Genotype is the properties of decline that is not visible from the outside, is symbolized by a couple of letters.

Example: AA, Aa, aa, AABB, and the AABB. Gametes are sex cells and derived from genotype. Example: genotype Aa, gametnya A and a. Phenotype is characteristic decreases visible from the outside.

Example: large fruit, small fruit, sweetness, sourness, tall stem and short stem. Dominant traits or genes that always seem to appear, symbolized by capital letters. Example: AA, BB, and CC. Gene is recessive gene traits that are not always apparent when the newly emerged together another recessive gene, symbolized by small letters.

Examples: aa, bb, and cc. Is homozygous gene pair of the same nature. Example: AA, AA, BB, bb, CC, and cc. Heterozygous is not the same gene pair. Example: Aa, Bb, and Cc.

Monohibrid

Monohybrid cross is a cross between two conspecifics by observing a different nature.

Monohibrid

For example, a cross between the sweet fruit rambutan with rambutan fruit sour, a cross between a white feathered chicken with chicken berbuluh black, white man with a black man, tall husband and wife who was low.

Crosses between each other can be depicted in diagrammatic form. The diagram is known as a Punnett diagram.

Do you know the shape of the diagram punnet?

Diagram punnet rhombic or may be horizontal as Figure beside.
You may notice the following example to better understand it.

Example

Large mango fruit with genotype Bb crossed with a small fruiting mango bb genotype. Great fruit dominant over smaller fruit.

Determine the ratio of genotype and phenotype F1 F1.

Given: P (parietal) = Bb and bb

B = Great Fruit
b = small fruit
Asked: F1 genotype and phenotype F1.

answer
P (parent): Bb x bb

 Great fruit small fruit

Gamet: b, b b


F1 (offspring to-1):

	B	b
b	Bb	bb

F1 (offspring to-1):

Comparison of genotype F1 = Bb: bb 1: 1

In monohybrid cross there is a test cross and nature of the intermediates. What do you know about the test cross and nature of the intermediates? You may notice the following descriptions to understand it more.

a. Test Cross

Test cross is the crossing of individuals who want to know the genotype with a homozygous recessive genotype individuals. The result of this cross has two possibilities as follows.

1) If the plant is crossed with a plant of genotype BB bb genotype (homozygous recessive), it will produce offspring genotype Bb everything. With B = round, b = wrinkles. So, all the offspring had round seeds.

P (parent): × BB bb

Garmet: B and B

F1 (offspring to-1)

	B
b	Bb

Genotype F1: Bb

Thus, the resulting offspring Bb.

2) If the plant is crossed with a plant of genotype Bb bb genotype (homozygous recessive), it will produce offspring genotype Bb and bb. Try to note the decrease in the nature of heredity below.

P (parent): Bb x bb

Garmet: B, B and B

F1 (offspring to-1)

Genotype F1: Bb and bb

So, there is unanimous and there are seed plants seed plants wrinkled.

Based on tests conducted by Mendel cross, you can know that the spherical nature of (B) is dominant over the nature of wrinkles (b) so that individuals of genotype Bb has a rounded phenotype and genotype individuals berfenotipe round is BB and Bb.

b. nature of intermediates

Intermediates nature is influenced by a dominant gene that is not saturated. As performed by Mendel on the red flowering plants Antirrhinum wise pure lines (MM) crossed with white magi Antirrhinum pure strain (mm).

The results obtained by Mendel descendant is wise that berfenotipe Antirrhinum pink, not red though genotype Mm. Try to note the decrease in properties below.

P (parent): MM × mm

Gametes: M and m

F1 (offspring to-1)

	M
m	Mm

Genotype F1: Mm

If F1 were crossed with each other it is obtained:

P (parent): Mm Mm ×

Gamet: M, M and M, m

F2 (offspring 2nd)

	M	Mm
M	MM	Mm
m	Mm	mm

F1 genotypes: MM, 2 Mm, mm

Phenotype: Red, pink, white

In the previous description, it appears that plants with flowers in pink, mated with tanamanbunga white, will produce one plant with flowers in pink without bringing whiteness, two plants with flowers in pink, but bring whiteness, and one plant color white.

dihybrid cross

You learn about monohybrid cross, whether monohybrid cross together with dihybrid? What do you know about dihybrid cross? Try to learn the following explanation.

Dihybrid cross is a cross of two conspecifics by observing two different properties. Mendel has experimented with crossing peas pure strains that have two different properties, namely the pea seed in round yellow (BBKK) with wrinkled pea seed in green (BBKK). Both the nut has two different properties, namely the shape and color of seeds.

Can you determine the result of a cross of these two peas? Try to learn a decrease in the nature of pea seed in round yellow (BBKK) with wrinkled pea seed in green (BBKK) below.

P (parent): BBKK × BBKK

Gametes: BK and bk

F1 (offspring to-1)

Genotype F1: BBKK

Phenotype F1: Seeds are round and yellow

If the genotype of F1 crossed each other, the result is:

P (parent): BBKK × BBKK

Gamet: BK, Bk, bK, bk and BK, Bk, bK, bk

F2 (offspring 2nd)

Genotipe F2: BBK, BBK, BBK, BBK, 2BBKk, 2BbKK, 4BbKk, 2Bbkk, 2bbKk

Phenotype F2: Round seed And Brass colored, round green beans, yellow-colored beans shriveled, wrinkled green seeds.

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